Why Somali can be described as a Failed State

Why Somali can be described as a Failed State The concepts of state failure and collapse are now, than ever before, extremely important in the global arena. The realization that there exists a link between state failure and terrorism has been a major factor in creating awareness of the need to maintain secure states and prevent state failure.1Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Somali can be described as a Failed State specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rotberg posits that, ‘nation states have the responsibility of delivering positive political good to its citizens†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2 Specifically, nation states play the role of mediation between challenges and constraints of international communities with their own internal social, political and economic realities, besides organizing the interests of its people in furtherance of national values and goals3 Accordingly, states that fall short in these endeavors due to weaknesses, distress, collapse or failure, f ace diminished legitimacy in the citizens’ eyes and are viewed as failed states. Based on certain characteristics, Somali can be classified as a failed state. Somalia is listed in position one in the failed states Index 2011.4 Among the parameters used in identifying state failure include demographic pressures, refugees and IDPs, group grievance, human flight, poverty and decline, uneven development, public services, government legitimacy, and human rights and rule of law.5 Other indicators of failed states, according to the index are factionalized elites and external intervention6. In the hierarchy of political goods, human security is a core claim that citizens make upon the state, and it is at heart of the social contract between the nation and its people7. It is not surprising that the inability of a state to provide security is regarded as the first major indicator of state failure. Somali has experienced years of internal conflicts manifested in fighting between various rival warlords8. Lawlessness and clan warfare, since the overthrow of Siad Barre in 1991, has seen Somali to enjoy little peace indicating inability of government to provide security to its citizens9. Among the tenets of security, there are prevention of cross-border invasions and infiltrations, and loss of territory10. The loss of northern Somali leading to the formation of the relatively peaceful, but internationally unrecognized Somaliland is indication of failure to protect the state territory and further indication of state failure.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Violence in Somali has permeated the society fiber for over two decades since the overthrow of Siad Barre in 199111. Enduring violence and not absolute intensity of violence is used to identify state failure.12 In these years, Somalia has faced enduring violence with most of the violence with roots in ethnic, linguistic and religious enmity. High crime rates and anarchy with warlords controlling great swathes of Somali territory are further indicators of the failure of Somali state. In describing failed states, Rotberg asserts that, ‘failed states are deeply conflicted, contested bitterly by warring factions, tense and dangerous†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢13This description perfectly depicts the situation in Somalia. From the warring clans, continuous fighting between warlords, to Islamic militias that pledge allegiance to the Al-Qaida terrorist organization, Somalia is a haven of conflicts. This has made Somalia a dangerous place even for its citizens. Such high levels of lawlessness have contributed to the rise in piracy menace in international waters. Other manifestations of state failure, that are also evident in Somaliland, include inability of state to adequately provide other political goods such as medical care, schools and education, physical infrastructures, channels of comme rce, communication infrastructure, civil society and so on, which are also lacking in Somalia14. Bibliography BBC Monitoring, ‘Somalia profile’, British Broadcasting Corporation, 2011, retrieved https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094503 The Fund for Peace. Failed State Index, 2011.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Somali can be described as a Failed State specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rotberg, R I, ‘Failed States, Collapsed States, Weak States: Causes and Indicators’ in Walter, S, Clarke, Gosende, Robert. (ed.), State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror’ Brookings Institution Press, Washington, 2003, pp 1-25. Footnotes 1 R Rotberg, State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror, Brookings institution press, Washington, 2003, p. 1 2 Rotberg 2 3 BBC monitoring, Somalia profile British Broadcasting Corporation, 2011. 4 The Fund for Peace, Failed States Index, 2011 5 The Fund for Peace 6 The Fund for PeaceAdvertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 7 Rotberg 3 8 BBC monitoring 9 BBC monitoring 10 Rotberg 3 11 BBC monitoring 12 Rotberg 5 13 Rotberg, p. 5 14 Rotberg, p. 6

What to Expect in Graduate School

What to Expect in Graduate School You planned ahead and sought experiences to construct a solid graduate school application. Through hard work, good grades, a solid GRE score, stellar letters of recommendation, and countless grad school interviews, you won admission to a  program. Prepare yourself for whats next including several years of intense research, studying, and professional growth. What is grad school really like? Here are five things to expect as a graduate student.   1.  Successful Graduate Students are Autonomous Graduate school is less structured than college. It requires independent thinking and the initiative to figure things out on your own. You may have to choose your own advisor. It will be up to you, with a little guidance, to carve out an area of research and find a thesis or dissertation topic. You will also want to network and make professional contacts which will be essential to advancing in your field and getting a job after graduation. New grad students often wait for someone to tell them what to do. For success in graduate school, be prepared to take control of your own education. 2.  Graduate School is Not Like Undergrad Doctoral and masters programs are nothing like college. If youre considering graduate school because youre doing well in college and enjoy school, be aware that grad school will likely be very different than the last 16 or more years of school youve experienced.  Graduate study, especially at the doctoral level, is like an apprenticeship. Instead of sitting in class for a couple of hours a day and then being free, grad school is more like a job that occupies all of your time. Youll spend a great deal of your time working on research in your advisor or mentors lab. 3.  Graduate School Means Research While college centered around classes, graduate school centers around research. Yes, youll take courses, but the purpose of doctoral education is to learn to conduct research. The emphasis is on learning how to gather information and construct knowledge independently. As a researcher or professor, much of your job will consist of gathering materials, reading, thinking about what youve read, and designing studies to test your ideas. Grad school, especially doctoral education, is often preparation for a career in research. 4.  Doctoral Study Takes Time A doctoral program is typically a five- to eight-year commitment. Usually, the first year is the most structured year with classes and lots of reading. Most students are required to pass a set of comprehensive exams at various points in their program in order to continue. 5.  The Dissertation Determines Your Final Outcome The doctoral dissertation is the basis for earning a Ph.D. Youll spend a great deal of time searching for a thesis topic and advisor, and then reading up on your topic to prepare your dissertation proposal. Once the proposal is accepted by your dissertation committee (typically composed of five faculty members that you and your advisor have chosen based on their knowledge of the field), youre free to begin your research study. Youll plug away for months or often years until youve conducted your research, made some conclusions, and written it all up. After youve finished, youll prepare your dissertation defense: a presentation of your research to your dissertation committee where youll answer questions and defend the validity of your work. If all goes well, youll walk away with a new title and some special letters behind your name: Ph.D.