Dream Psychology- Sigmund Freud

Dreams and the Sub-Conscious Mind The meaning of a fantasy is a progression of considerations, pictures, and sensations happening in an individual's psyche during rest. It is accepted that fantasies have consistently existed in human culture and have been shared among individuals from social orders going back to 3000-4000 BC. In different social orders dreams held various implications and significance.Throughout history dreams have been perceived as huge images or signs, admonitions of things to come, associations among living and the dead, fit for diagnosing sickness and anticipating beginning of illnesses, allurements of the demon, and various other potential things. Dream translations, or endeavors made to comprehend a person’s dream, go back to 3000-4000 B. C. , where they were recorded on dirt tablets. For whatever length of time that man has had the option to discuss dreams, people have been intrigued with them and have strived to get them, however this is testing since dreams are frequently so effectively forgotten.Throughout the historical backdrop of the investigation of dreams, well known scholars have introduced their own fantasy methods of reasoning and hypotheses, created eight explicit classes of dream types, and introduced numerous fantasies discovered generally among individuals which speak to normal parts of life, these things have been created in attempting to respond to one inquiry: Do dreams reflect, or identify with, a person’s sub-cognizant perspective? In the first place, the most acclaimed of all fantasy scholars is a man named Sigmund Freud, who lived from 1856-1939 and is viewed as â€Å"the father of psychoanalysis† (Dream Moods). evolutionizes the investigation of dreams with his work The Interpretation Of Dreams. Freud starts to dissect dreams so as to comprehend parts of character as they identify with pathology, or the study of circumstances and end results of infections. He accepts that nothing one does happe ns by some coincidence; each activity and thought is inspired by the unconsciousâ at some level. Inâ order to live in an edified society, people tend to holdâ backâ urges and curb driving forces. In any case, these desires and driving forces must be discharged somehow or another; they have a method of rising to the top in questionable structures. Peruse additionally Memory †ForgettingFreud accepts that single direction these inclinations and driving forces are discharged is through dreams. Since the substance of the oblivious might be very upsetting or destructive, Freud accepts that the oblivious communicates in a representative language. To clarify this emblematic language, Freud classifies parts of the psyche into three sections. These parts incorporate the Id, the Ego, and the Superego. Id, which is based on base motivations, delights, wants, unchecked inclinations and wish fulfillment.Ego, which is worried about the cognizant, the objective, the good and the mindful part of the psyche. Superego, which is viewed as the kind of â€Å"censor† for the id, which is additionally answerable for upholding the ethical codes of the sense of self. At the point when one is awake,â the driving forces and wants of the id are smothered by the superego. Through dreams, one can get a brief look into the oblivious, or the id . Since one’s gatekeepers are down during the fantasy express, the oblivious has the chance to carry on and express the concealed wants of the id.However, the wants of the id can, now and again, can be so upsetting and even mentally unsafe that a â€Å"censor† becomes possibly the most important factor andâ translates the id's upsetting substance into an increasingly adequate emblematic structure. This assists with saving rest and keep one from awakening stunned at the pictures. Accordingly, befuddling and regularly secretive dream pictures happen. As per Freud, the explanation one battles to recall their fantasies, is on the grounds that the superego is busy working. It is carrying out its responsibility by shielding the cognizant psyche from the upsetting pictures and wants invoked by the unconscious.According to Freud, dreams consistently have what he called a â€Å"manifest and inert content† (qtd. in dispositions). The show content is the thing that the fa ntasy is by all accounts saying. It is frequently odd and apparently babble. In actuality, the inactive substance is the thing that the fantasy is truly attempting to state. Dreams give one an investigate the oblivious. Freud accepts that it is conceivable to chip through the fantasy's show substance to uncover the hidden importance and its inert by using the method of â€Å"free association†.Using this strategy, one must beginning with one dream image and afterward follow with what consequently strikes a chord first. One must proceed as such and basically observe where it leads. So as to decipher the obscure pictures of dreams, Freud isolated the pictures into five significant classes, or procedures. The first being uprooting which happens when the longing for a certain something or individual is represented by some other person or thing. The second, projection which happens when the visionary impels their own wants and needs onto another person.The third being symbolization which is portrayed when the visionary's quelled inclinations or smothered wants are carried on allegorically. Fourth, buildup which is the procedure where the visionary conceals their sentiments or inclinations by contracting it or underplaying it into a short dream picture or occasion. Accordingly the importance of this fantasy symbolism may not be clear or self-evident. Ultimately, defense which is viewed as the last phase of dreamwork. The dreaming mind arranges an incongruous dream into one that is undeniably increasingly reasonable and logical.This is otherwise called auxiliary amendment. Basically this is Freud’s fundamental clarification of what dreams are and how one is to decipher them. Freud’s dream brain research is vigorously founded on analysis and is focused on the way that fantasies do in actuality mirror the sub-cognizant psyche of the visionary. Another fantasy scholar, who lived during the hour of Freud, Alfred Adler (1870-1937), accepted the signifi cance of dreams to be somewhat unique in relation to Freud’s convictions. Basically, Adler accepted that fantasies are a significant instrument to acing authority over waking lives.They are critical thinking gadgets. Dreams should be brought to the cognizant and deciphered with the goal that better understanding can be shed on one’s issues. Adler trusts it is essential to gain from dreams and fuse them into cognizant existence. Adler accepts that there is a relationship among's fantasies and the issues in day by day life. The more dreams one has, the more issues one is probably going to have. Adler accepts that fantasies are an open pathway toward one’s genuine considerations, feelings and activities. In dreams, one plainly observes one’s forceful motivations and desires.Dreams are likewise a method of overcompensating for the inadequacies in cognizant existence. For instance, on the off potential for success that one can't have up to a manager in cogniza nt existence, at that point one may think that its simpler to lash out at the supervisor inside the solace and security of a fantasy. Dreams offer a type of fulfillment that is all the more socially adequate. Along these lines, however Adler doesn't totally concur with Freud’s perspectives on the inner mind controlling the fantasy, he does in reality accept that one’s psyche wants and drive are discharged through a dream.A third dream scholar, Carl Jung, who was viewed as a guide of Freud’s likewise had confidence in the presence of the oblivious. Be that as it may, he didn't consider the to be as bestial, instinctual, orâ sexual; he considered it to be moreâ spiritual. Inevitably, Jung split with Freud because of their varying perspectives on dreams. As per Jung, dreams are a method of conveying and familiarizing oneself with the oblivious. Dreams are not endeavors to hide one’s genuine emotions from the waking brain, but instead they are a window to t he unconscious.They serve to control the waking self to accomplish completeness and offer an answer for a difficult one is looking in cognizant existence. Jung sees the personality as one’s feeling of self and how one depicts oneself to the world. Some portion of Jung's hypothesis is that allâ things can be seen as matched alternate extremes: great/detestable, male/female, or love/loathe. So working contrary to the sense of self, is the â€Å"counterego† or what he alludes to as the shadow. The shadow speaks to the dismissed parts of oneself that one doesn't wish to recognize. The shadow is progressively crude, to some degree uncultured,â and a little awkward.As dreams are a method of speaking with the oblivious, Jung accepted that fantasy pictures uncover something important to one, one’s associations with others, and circumstances in one’s cognizant existence. Dreams control one’s self-awareness andâ help in accomplishing maximum capacity. J ung likewise accepts that the fantasy's show content is similarly as significantâ and uncovering as theâ latent content. By basically talking about what is right now going on in one’s life, it can assist one with interpretting and open the mysterious pictures of one’sâ dreams. Jung's technique for dream translation is set all the more certainly on the dreamer.He accepts that all visionaries have the vital devices to decipher their own fantasies. The importance of one’s dreams is an individual judgment and is up to the visionary on the most proficient method to decipher them. Jung noticed certain fantasy images that have a similar general importance for all people. He terms this marvel the â€Å"collective unconscious†. While dreams are close to home, one’s individual encounters regularly address all inclusive subjects and images. These images are accepted to happen in each culture from the beginning of time. Jung distinguishes seven such images in what is alluded to as the major prototype characters: 1.The Persona is the picture one presents to the world inâ waking life. It is like an open cover. In the fantasy world, the persona is spoken to by the Self. 2. The Shadow is simply the dismissed and subdued angles. It is simply the part that one doesn't need the world to see since it is terrible or unappealing. It s

American Eagle Airlines Flight 3379 Accident Research Paper

American Eagle Airlines Flight 3379 Accident - Research Paper Example  The research will finish up by giving proposals of what should be done to forestall such mishaps later on. Air mishaps have kept on happening regardless of the measures by the National Transport and Safety Board (NTSB), and the flight business. As of late, the avionics business has seen significant mishaps, remembering the vanishing of the Malaysian Airline for 2014, and the ongoing German aircraft in the French Alps. The fundamental driver of aircraft mishaps have been refered to be unpracticed pilots, physiological and mental factors, and climate conditions (Grossman, 2013). Most bustling aircrafts exhaust pilots and lodge team, a circumstance that has been accused for settling on pilots settle on wrong choices. Weariness is a central point that meddles with the degree of profitability and occupation fulfillment of lodge team. A few pilots experience mental disarranges, for example, discouragement, consequently influencing their judgment and inclined to settling on an inappropriate choices. The leader carrier flight 3379 slammed in 1994. The flight beginning was Piedmont Triad International Airport and the last goal was Raleigh-Durham Airport. There were 18 traveler and 2 crewmembers (Aircraft Accident Report, 1995). The experience any mechanical issue until when the pilot got the leeway to land. The start light of one of the motors enlightened in the cockpit, calling for sure fire intercession. Apparently the pilot froze on understanding the speed of the plane started to diminish definitely. Without pausing for a minute to decide the reason for the episode, the pilot chose to execute a missed methodology.

Italian Baroque Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Italian Baroque - Assignment Example He presented pressure and high show through the strategy of chiaroscuro that brought into sharp center (practically like a spotlight that is utilized feature activity or an entertainer in front of an audience) the primary heroes of the occasion and decided to deify the most piercing snapshot of the scene †the real demonstration of homicide †by catching the scene when the executioner is going to push the cutting edge in the middle of the fallen holy person. The holy person, it shows up, withdraws as he falls along these lines conceivably implying a definitive triumph of Christianity and the equal position of the killer’s arm and the angel’s outstretched hand maybe suggests moment suffering and sainthood of Saint Mathew. The executioner is ignorant of the blessed messenger and just Saint Mathew can see it along these lines alluding to his heavenly nature. The superb utilization of light and shadow delineates the observers and their feeling of ghastliness in one blinding glimmer as though lightning struck when the homicide occurred. The composition seems to catch that powerful snapshot of high dramatization and unbridled feeling as just a perfect work of art can. Pundits are of the feeling that Caravaggio was immensely impacted by the enormous scope greatness that was so extremely basic in manifestations during high renaissance period and some state that he was intensely enlivened by The Martyrdom of St Peter the Martyr by Titian while executing his The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew. The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio is one among the set of three of everlasting shows of Baroque school of painting that is so frequently hailed.

TOURIST ATTRACTION SITE VISIT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vacation spot SITE VISIT - Essay Example These lodgings give astonishing offices to travelers. I approached sorting out board of trustees about techniques for buying tickets for soccer season. They answered, online tickets for complete season can be bought at modest rates and it is likewise conceivable to choose own preferred spot for watching the matches in arena. I asked coordinators that what all offices are accessible at the arena for watching soccer rivalries. They answered, they have presented incredible offices like, restrooms, food, team promoters, audio cues and screens for including a wide range of fun in the occasions. Who all are intense groups in the occasion? Civic chairman stated, â€Å"Houston Dynamo† and â€Å"Dallas† are the best groups of the occasion. I approached what number of arenas are accessible for facilitating the occasion. City hall leader tallied four arenas including a recently built best in class arena. What is closely following in Houston? City hall leader said that you have bites and franks before beginning of the match is closely following. What are the other traveler goals in Houston? City hall leader answered, space Center and downtown aquarium merit visiting places. Arranging advisory group instructed me to visit Orange Avenue also. This road gives free gifts, food, shirts and a band plays there to engage individuals. I am getting a charge out of the initial games 2014 more than my desires. It is so intriguing and bright for individuals of wherever on the planet. I caught wind of the Houston and soccer occasions from my companion and afterward visited online sources. In the wake of coming here, I am not prepared to leave this spot now. Occasion is composed to such an extent that vacationers don't feel any issue in their exercises. There is one issue that observers can't accepting single ticket for a match and they need to purchase for complete season. Coordinators need to investigate this issue. Additionally, arenas with greater limit ought to be built for pleasing enormous groups. Dynamo began the season against â€Å"New England Revolution† on 8 Mar 2014. There is a long

Tips on Writing and Designing a Cover Letter (that Excites Hiring Managers)

Tips on Writing and Designing a Cover Letter (that Excites Hiring Managers) © Shutterstock.com | DeymosHRThe entire landscape of job hunting has changed over the past several years. Only a couple of decades ago, you could simply apply to a position with a generic resume and you have a good shot at getting a phone call from a company.Nowadays, that will not really get you anywhere. You need to go the extra mile to make yourself stand out. You need to tailor your resume to the given position, create your online brand for recognition, and most importantly, design the perfect cover letter that will excite hiring managers.The cover letter is an underappreciated document in the job application portfolio, overlooked by many candidates. We are here to tell you that an amazing cover letter can thrust you forward in the recruiter’s mind and leave a lasting impression.A cover letter is a supplementary document that accompanies your resume and provides more weight to your application. A resume will state the cold, hard facts but a cover letter will provide credence t o the claims you make. A cover letter will describe many things, including the reasons for applying to that company, the reasons for wanting that particular job, and the benefits you will bring to the company.There are also other things that a cover letter addresses, which we will cover in this article. A cover letter for a job application is very similar to a motivation letter for a college application. You are convincing the hiring manager that you are indeed the right person for the job; a cover letter explains why you are the best fit. That is what all recruiters are searching for â€" the best fit.We want to help you write the best cover letter that will immediately grab the recruiter’s attention. We will help you write and design one that is informative yet captivating at the same time.Cover letters do not have to be boring and bland; they can be exciting and moving as well. We want your cover letter to shine and reflect your personality, making you stand out from the crowd. If you follow these tips, you are sure to persuade any recruiter into giving you that phone you want so badly.STRUCTURE OF A COVER LETTERBefore we discuss the tips of designing an exciting cover letter, let’s first look at the structure and content of a cover letter. This will be a guide to writing your own cover letter after reading the tips later on.FormatA cover letter consists of several sections â€" the heading, the salutation, the body of the letter, and the closing. We will at all these sequentially.First Section: HeadingThe first section is your heading and it comprises your address (applicant’s address) and the company’s address (recipient’s address), along with the date. The format for writing your address is as follows:Name of ApplicantAddress of ApplicantPhone Number of ApplicantEmail of ApplicantThe company address is also written in a similar manner.Name of RecipientName of DepartmentName of OrganizationAddress of OrganizationIn most job ads, it is specifically stated to whom you should address the application. In most cases, it is somebody who works in Human Resources. In that case, the name of the recipient is provided along with the name of the department, i.e., Human Resources.When it comes to the address of the organization, that is mentioned in almost all job ads. In case it is not and your company of choice has multiple sites in various locations, it would be best to write the address of the office that you are applying to.For instance, Infineon Technologies has its headquarters in Munich but has a production facility in Dresden. If you are applying for a position in Dresden, then state the address of the Dresden office, since the corresponding recruiting team will review your application. Second Section: SalutationThe second part of your cover letter is the salutation. It is only one line but it is very important, so make sure to start correctly. There are various salutations used in communications (texting and email), ranging fro m the very casual and informal to the very proper and formal. As this is a cover letter for a job application, it would be wise to use a very formal salutation to address the recruiter reading your letter.Avoid using greetings like “Hi” and “Hello” at all costs. Those are reserved for your friends and family, not for your recruiter. You want to take a very respectful approach when addressing recruiters. The safest and most used greeting is “Dear” followed by “Mr./Ms. X,” where X is the family name of the recruiter. For example, if the recruiter’s name is Jane Smith, you will begin the letter with “Dear Ms. Jane.” This is deemed very respectful and considerate, the perfect way to address a recruiter.Although it may sound innocuous, using the greeting “To Whom it May Concern” is actually frowned upon by many and you should not use it. Using that greeting conveys the message, “I do not know who is going to read this but I hope that the right person will read it.”You do want to come across as somebody who does not know who is at least reading your cover letter. In case a name of a recruiter is not explicitly stated in the job advertisement, the go with the safer “Dear Hiring Manager.” In almost all cases, a hiring manager will in fact read your cover letter. Therefore, this is considered as an acceptable salutation.Third Section:  Body of the Cover LetterThe third section deals with the actual content of the letter, which usually consists of 3 to 4 paragraphs. There is no real reason to push it to five, even if you do have years of experience. You can limit  it to four paragraphs. The letter has an introductory paragraph, the body of the letter with main content (1 to 2 paragraphs), and a final closing paragraph.Introductory ParagraphThe first paragraph of your letter should introduce who you are. Include your educational background and your current position. Briefly state how you came across the position, whether you found it on LinkedIn, on the company’s career portal, on some online job board, or any other place. Mention in one sentence why you badly want this job and what you can do for them. The first paragraph has to hook the recruiter; it has to get them to continue reading the rest of your letter.In case an employee at the company referred you to this position, make sure you mention this. This will add more significance to your application and you will have a higher chance of getting a phone call. There is a major difference between finding a position online and getting the inside scoop from an employee at that company.Body of the LetterThis portion of the letter contains the main essence of your argument. You need to present your skills that will benefit the company, relate your prior experiences to the position you are applying for, and discuss your personal qualities that make you unique. Normally this section is two paragraphs long, but some decide to go for only one paragraphs. It all depends on you and the things you are able to offer a company. That is what a cover letter is all about â€" it is all about the things you can offer to the company.Start by passionately describing the reason you want the job, namely the reason for wanting to work at that company. Recruiters love passionate candidates, because those who love the job are able to perform the best. State some facts about the company that you read in their annual report or financial report that is pertinent to the position you are applying to. It shows that you did your research on the company and know them quite well. Do not repeat your resume here; demonstrate your abilities by mentioning relevant accomplishments.Mention the qualifications that are listed in the job advertisement and justify how you meet all of them. When you are ticking the boxes for them, you are making their job easier and everybody likes that. Use industry specific keywords that generate buzz. This gets people talking and you want recruite rs to talk about your letter. Exemplify the skills that you listed in your resume. Remember, this is your chance to succinctly justify your skills, so give a situation where you used them.Final ParagraphIn the final paragraph of your cover letter, thank your recruiter for reading your letter. People who work in HR are very busy people (which many find hard to believe) and like to know that their work is being appreciated. A simple thank you will go a long way. State your earliest starting date to work, to show enthusiasm and eagerness to work.Restate your contact information so that recruiters can get in touch with you if they like you. Though it is not common, some people even mention their expected salary. This depends on the type of position you are applying for, so we suggest leaving this out unless you are absolutely certain you need to provide it.Fourth Section: ClosingThe final section of the letter is only two lines long, but it must be handled with care. It is the closing r emarks. You should end your letter respectfully with a closing like “Sincerely” or “Regards.” They are deemed quite formal, perfect for a cover letter. Avoid using terms like “Best Wishes” and “Yours Truly.”Remember, you are not writing a letter to a friend, you are writing a cover letter to a recruiting manager. So please bear in mind that you should come across as professional and polite. Finish the letter with a signature just below your closing remark.Read a little more on how to actually write your cover letter.[slideshare id=46330378doc=how20to20write20a20cover20letter20that20gets20read3-150326131657-conversion-gate01w=710h=400]TIPS ON WRITING AN EXCITING COVER LETTERWe want you to write a cover letter that screams, “Hire me!” at the recruiters. Recruiters receive dozens of job applications every single day, and amazing cover letters are rare.You do not want a letter that gets tossed in the waste basket or in modern times, gets deleted. Your cover letter ne eds to be exciting enough to intrigue a recruiter. Following these tips will surely pique the interests of even the sternest of hiring managers.Use Industry Specific KeywordsWhenever you are applying to any position, take the time to understand the industry and see the words that are used frequently. These are the keywords for this industry. It will be easier for experienced professionals looking for another job in the same industry to identify these keywords. On the other hand, it may be more challenging for a fresh graduate looking for their first job.However, with Google being so ubiquitous, you can easily determine some commonly used terms in any given industry. By reading several job ads in any given sector, you will come across terms that are used throughout all of them. Incorporate them into your letter. Keywords are generally listed under the technical and soft skill requirements of a job ad.Significance of KeywordsYou may be wondering, “What is the point of using these ke ywords?” Well for starters, all companies nowadays use a computerized system of assessing cover letters. Rather than having people reading each and every cover letter that they receive daily (which can be quite a lot), they rely on an automatic system to scan them.The software will scan your cover letter and determine if this letter has the keywords pertinent to the job. Recruiters want applicants to use the keywords that they are familiar with, so it would be wise to play into their hands and include them. When you can successfully appeal to the recruiter by understanding them, then you have a good chance at impressing them.Always Have the Recruiter in MindAll job ads are written by recruiters and hiring managers. They take the time and effort to write an interesting job description that excites people into working at their firm. When you can take their own words in their job ads and use it in your own letter, it shows them that you actually read the job ad and understand exactly what they are looking for. The requirements section of a job ad include the most number of keywords, so make sure to include all of them in your cover letter.Example 1Imagine you are applying to a process engineering position at a semiconductor company that fabricates chips. In the job ad, they explicitly state the following requirements:Somebody who is knowledgeable in semiconductor physicsExperienced in working in a cleanroomAble to use advanced engineering software (AutoCAD, SPICE, COMSOL Multiphysics)Loves to work in a teamThinks outside the boxAfter reading that, you have some clues to the keywords that you can use in your cover letter. Mention your prior experience of working in a “cleanroom” and using your knowledge of “semiconductor physics” to “fabricate” electronic circuits in the past. Talk about a time when you “designed” something using “AutoCAD” or “COMSOL Multiphysics” to demonstrate your proficiency in these programs. Show your desire to work in a “diverse team” to bounce ideas off each other. This bring out the most “creative” of solutions, so discuss your affinity to “creativity.”Each of the words in quotation marks above are keywords for the job ad of that particular company. Make sure to use most, if not all, of them in your letter.When you are able to touch upon all the key points mentioned in a job ad, especially in the requirements section, you have a high possibility of exciting the hiring manager. The hiring manager wrote those things for a reason â€" they are looking for those type of candidates. Use those keywords when you are writing your sentences and you will definitely make an impact.Example 2Imagine you are applying to a web developer position at a software engineering firm. The job you read contains the following sentencesWe are looking for somebody who has recently graduated with a degree in Computer ScienceHas knowledge of front-end and/or back-end languagesIs a very hard worker; can handl e the pressure and stressAble to work independentlyThe keywords in this group of sentences for this particular ad are “recent graduate”, “Computer Science”, “programming languages”, “hardworking and diligent”, “resilient”, “can work independently”, etc. You can always play around with them and find synonyms for the words listed in the job ad. Since this particular ad mentions programming languages, but does not state which ones, you can say that you know HTML, CSS, and JavaScript â€" the front-end languages.Highlight the fact that you have recently graduated with a degree in Computer Science and are eager to start working immediately. Mention that you can work by yourself and complete tasks on your own with very little supervision. That will appeal to the recruiter who wrote this advertisement.Example 3The last two examples were more technical positions, but let’s at something business related. For instance, you are applying to a bank or some financial inst itution and they are hiring financial analysts. The job ad may contain words like “MBA”, “finance”, “financial analysis”, “analytical skills”, “critical reasoning skills”, “communication skills”, etc. Incorporate all of these words and more into your cover letter to excite the recruiter.Talk about what you learned in your MBA, especially how you concentrated on finance and banking. Talk about your previous experience as a financial analyst and explain how you developed your analytical skills.Being good at math and decision-making, you can say that you have critical reasoning skills to make executive decisions. State that you are a “people person”, being able to communicate and interact with people with ease. Your communication prowess will help you land this job, so state that you are a good communicator.Study Many Ads of the Same TypeWhen you are writing a cover letter for a position at a company, study other job ads of other similar companies offering v ery similar positions. Different companies will use slightly different terms in their ads even though they are posting the same job. The English language is very diverse and words tend to have many synonyms. Use these synonyms in your letter. The best source to find synonyms is to study other job ads and finding inspiration.There are only so many keywords that a recruiter will use in their job ad. They provide a particular subset of terms that are relevant to their industry. So many more terms are pertinent to the role and the industry that just happened to not be used. Never forget to use a variety of keywords. Hiring managers will take notice of this and will appreciate the fact that you took the effort to study the industry and determine what matters to them.When you are using keywords in your cover letter, you are tailoring it to the position and the company and, most importantly, the industry.Provide a HookWe all know that recruiters are very busy people and have relatively mun dane tasks like reading cover letters every single day. They have seen them all. From the ill prepared and poorly written letters to the very simplistic and boring letters, hiring managers read many generic letters every day.They want to read something that is captivating and provides some excitement. You can make their job more exciting by writing an amazing cover letter that hooks them in from the very first paragraph. The introductory paragraph is your opportunity to keep them interested, so make it count.Many cover letters begin with a sentence like, “I am applying for the position of {insert position name} at {insert company name} because I think I am a good fit for your company.” This is actually quite a weak opening to the most important letter of your career. You need to inject more energy and desire into the first sentence of the introductory paragraph. You need to provide a hook; you need to entice the hiring manager from the get-go.Here are some types of hooks you can employ in your cover letter.Praise the OrganizationYou can open with a sentence that praises the organization on its recent accomplishments or overall standing in the market in relation to its competitors. This shows that you perused the company website to acquire specific information.If you are able to state an achievement of the company in the very first sentence, recruiters will get the impression that you read the annual report and financial report. Hiring managers are pleased to see a fact in the letter, especially right at the beginning. Follow up by stating that you also want to achieve great things with the company and take it to the next level with your ingenious ideas.When praising an organization, try to state one of their successful projects that you read about online. You will find that some companies do not disclose information on their current projects but if they do, this is an easy platform to take advantage of.ExampleFor a technology and engineering company, you c an start by congratulating the firm on its recent achievement of building the “connected car”, a car equipped with sensors to help drivers. Link this with your knowledge of electronics and cars. Briefly state how you can take this project to the next level with your ideas and skills. This is a very effective method of enticing hiring managers.This is how you can write it:“I am very proud to hear that your company’s Connected Car was a success. I have a deep passion for electronics and I know a lot about cars, so I really want to work on this project at your company. I designed several electronic circuits as a student and I want to help construct sensors to implement in your cars. I want to help you create the future automobile, and I have the competencies to make this vision a reality.”This conveys intent and desire on your part, a trait that many hiring managers want to see at the very beginning of a letter.Use Keywords at the BeginningWe have already discussed the import ance of keywords in this article. Use them in your cover letter. Actually, place them in the very first paragraph of your letter. Keywords are what applicant tracking systems are looking for. When the system sees these keywords near the beginning, it will place more importance on them and there is a much higher chance that recruiters will take notice of it.Moreover, hiring managers like keywords, a lot! Please don’t overdo it, but use it enough so that it shows that you actually read the job ad. If hiring managers see these keywords first, then you have a good chance of getting that phone call.ExampleIf you are applying for a Sales Rep position at a company, you may come across a job advertisement that has the following key points.Looking for an experienced Sales ExecutiveMust be comfortable talking with people regularlyShould have great presentation skills and stage presenceNeeds to make decisions quicklyAfter reading that, you should incorporate most, if not all, of these keywor ds in you introductory paragraph. This will propel your cover letter forward and make it shine brighter than the rest. Here is a good way to begin.“I have 4 years of experience as a Sales Executive at my previous company, where I brought in many clients and retained them due to my excellent communication and interpersonal skills. I delivered many presentations in my life. I described products in detail and convinced customers that they will benefit from using our products. I am quick on my feet, answering difficult and tricky questions with a clever answer that will keep customers interested.”You can see many keywords in this paragraph. Terms like “years of experience”, “excellent communication and interpersonal skills”, “delivered presentations”, “convinced customers”, and “quick on my feet” are all keywords in this case.Hiring managers will appreciate this and they will be excited to continue reading, as you addressed the key points that they wanted in a ca ndidate.State Your Mutual ConnectionIf somebody who works at the company referred you to this position, state this important piece of information in the very first sentence. Many wait to say this later in the first paragraph, but studies have shown that something this significant should always be mentioned first.In addition to the name, mention the post of this person and briefly describe how you came about getting this reference. This puts things into perspective for the hiring manager and adds credence to your claim.ExampleThere are plenty of ways to network to gain some sort of leverage in the job hunting process. You could rely on close friends and family members to put in a good word for you in their company.You could also go the extra mile and attend social events where professionals gather and share ideas. Several avenues are available to jobseekers to get some inside information on companies and the opportunities vacant.Here is an example of describing who referenced you and how they got to know you.“Jane Smith, a senior development engineer at this organization, recommended me to apply for this position. We met at a social gathering a few weeks ago and I got in touch with many engineers in the industry. After a long conversation, she wanted me to follow in her footsteps because she saw potential in me. She believes my skillset will come in very handy for you. She thinks I can design and develop products very well for you.”By giving context to how you met this internal contact at the company, it shows what lengths you went to in order to get your foot in the door. Many hiring managers will think that since you went this far to have a chance to attend an interview, then you will do the same or even more when you actually work at the firm. This excites many recruiters, which is a good thing.Tell a StorySometimes, the best way to write a cover letter for a job application is to inject some personality into it by telling a story. Why are you applying t o this particular position and/or company? Are the products and/or services or the company having an impact in your life? Did a member of the company have a big impact in your life?You can answer these questions to tell a captivating story that has the potential to move a hiring manager. By evoking some form of emotion in hiring managers, you have a significantly higher chance of being hired. We are not saying that you should make it so emotional as if you are writing a friend; still keep it professional and respectful, but a little bit of your personality can go a long way.Watch this brief video on how to write your cover letter so it gets you the job interview. We must warn you that this may not work in all industries. Some industries are far more formal than others so you need to be very careful when telling a story in your cover letter. For instance, it would be smart to tell a story when applying to an up-and-coming tech firm that values youth, energy, and spirit. Another insta nce where telling a story will surely pay off is when you apply to a graphics designing studio, where creativity reigns supreme.However, if you happen to apply to a law firm, then it is best to stay as formal as you can. The legal industry is very old and rooted in its traditions, so it is advisable to just go with a cover letter that explains the facts. Know your industry very well and then decide on the story you want to tell.Show Passion and EnthusiasmWhenever you are writing your cover letter, you need to add something that you cannot in your resume â€" your passion and your enthusiasm. You need to be able to convey to the recruiter your intense and deep interest in the subject you studied and the work you do.It is one thing to be good at something; it is another thing entirely to express why you are good at it and what the source of your desire is. Hiring managers want to know what ignites that fire in your belly, what makes you wake up every morning to go to work and do this f or a living. They want to know why you are so passionate and enthusiastic about the position.Though it can be easier to talk about professional achievements, you do not always need to talk about them to explain this. You can even talk about your younger days in school when you did things on the side to pursue your passions and learn more practical skills. You may have developed these skills later on and now want to apply them at the company you are applying to.You can also demonstrate your problem-solving prowess and your affinity to solve complex problems to help companies overcome any hurdle. No job is easy, but when you are passionate and enthusiastic about it and are not afraid to handle any situation, then recruiters will trust you.ExampleFor instance, if you are applying for a Sales position or a Marketing position, mention how you love to create advertising and branding of products to sell them to the public. Express how you relish communicating with people to convince them i nto buying goods. Talk about how you would sell several of your used goods on eBay while you were in college.Describe your skills of persuading people that your items and articles were very good. Talk about your earlier years when you were organizing garage sales and yard sales with your family. When you take the initiative to do things early, then it is perceived to be a sense of passion.Here is a paragraph you can write in your cover letter that tells a brief story of your passion.“I was always fascinated by Sales and Marketing, even when I was in high school. I volunteered at electronic retail stores and worked as a part-time sales rep to persuade customers into buying new gadgets. E.g. smartphones, GPS, and gaming consoles. As I am a millennial, I am in tune with the latest trends in tech and I can successfully convince people into making a purchase. I have a silver tongue and can use it very well for marketing your electronic products, as I did in the past. I am determined to sell; that is what gets me up in the morning”This brief story explains your passion for sales and marketing ever since you were in school, quite early in your life. It gives context on selling electronic goods, something that the company you are applying to also does.You mention your ability to convince people, a quality that all salespeople need to have. You have conveyed your passion and enthusiasm for both technology and marketing of goods. A hiring manager will really appreciate this.Exemplify Achievements and SkillsWe hope that in your resume, you mentioned your professional accomplishments in addition to your work responsibilities. Duties are not enough to set you apart from your competition. Your achievements in the workplace will make you different and better than everyone else. You stated your triumphs, now you need to provide context for them.In your cover letter, you need to explain how you went about attaining success in your previous endeavors. This is where you need to exemplify your successes.Besides achievements, you should also provide examples of excelling in your competencies. In your resume, you have listed several key skills that you are proficient in. Now you have the opportunity to give examples of actually putting your skills to good use. Show hiring managers how you used your skills effectively to get the job done.Show What You Can Offer RecruitersExemplifying the skills that you can offer companies is a major green light, as they will clearly understand what they will get when they hire you. When you can transfer your skills to match what the company is looking for, then you are appealing to the recruiters. That is the ultimate goal of the cover letter â€" to convince recruiters you have the right set of skills that will benefit the company.This is your selling point. Too many applicants focus on what they expect to receive from working at a company, but fail to see the bigger picture. What really matters is what the company will g ain from hiring you.You should be answering the question “What can I offer this company?” in your cover letter. Your examples of achievements and your robust skillset is what you are offering them. Be proud of them and flaunt them. Show hiring managers that you can deliver something great on day 1.Here is a great discussion on what recruiters want from cover letters and job candidates. Example 1You may be applying for a new public relations position to help a new company enhance their popularity and grow their online presence. You want the public to be informed of this company because you believe in what the company is doing. You possess years of experience establishing PR for previous clients who have grown massively in recent years. Describe your achievements that helped propel your clients in the past, and relate how you can do the same for this new company.Here is an example paragraph to exemplify your accomplishments.“I have accomplished a lot in my 8 years of experience as a public relations specialist. I worked for some of the biggest Fortune 500 companies, specializing in handling social media content. I created campaigns on Facebook and Twitter to spread the word of the company. The online ad campaigns on these social media platforms raised their customer base by over 100%, as younger people became more aware of their products/services. This ultimately raised revenue, making the companies even bigger. This is the 21st century, and I can manage your social media accounts to take your company to the number one position. I also want to add Snapchat alongside Facebook and Twitter in the ad campaign.”This is a very good example of describing the context of your accomplishments, as well as providing ideas of how to help the company you are applying to. You clearly stated the percentage increase in customer base of your PR efforts for previous companies, showing your success score.Recruiters love numbers. Hiring managers will see this and can picture you delivering similar results for their company. By explaining what you have achieved, recruiters believe that you can repeat your success and accomplish much more by working with them. You also expressed what you would do to help this company. This shows intent to already make a difference before you even begin working. Recruiters love this.Example 2In this next example, we will discuss how to explain your skills to recruiters to get them interested. For example, you are applying to an International Graduate Program at an engineering firm. They are looking for engineers who are proficient in programming and technical skills, but also possess soft skills.These soft skills include communication skills and knowledge of foreign languages. Possessing all of these skills will raise your chances of being hired, but demonstrating how you used these skills to your advantage will almost guarantee your job.Here is an example of exemplifying your skills to fit the job role.“I have plenty o f experience in using AutoCAD to design photomasks for creating sensors and using COMSOL Multiphysics to model and simulate sensors before fabricating them. With my critical reasoning skills, I was able to solve a difficult problem at my previous firm with an ingenious solution that was praised by my colleagues. Furthermore, I learned Spanish and French in school and still practice them with Duolingo. If you need me to conduct business with foreign clients, I am the right person for the job. I successfully presented several presentations of various products, which demonstrates my communication skills. With a combination of hard and soft skills, I would be a great addition to this program at your organization.”In this paragraph, you have provided examples of your proficiency in engineering software, something that the company wanted. You described your critical reasoning skills, a highly sought after skill by companies. You also expressed your proficiency in foreign languages.This is an added bonus to many multinational corporations these days since they conduct business with clients all over the world. You expressed your caliber of delivering presentations. This is evidence for your impeccable communication skills. You have successfully addressed all of the necessary skills required by the company. Hiring managers reading this will instantly understand how you used your skills before, and will use them again for their company.Share the Company’s GoalsSome hiring managers have been working at a company for years and they have settled in quite nicely in their working environment and corporate culture. They have embodied all the qualities of the company and now perfectly well when somebody else is able to adapt quickly when they join.You need to persuade your hiring manager that you are flexible and embody the same qualities that the company possesses. One of the best ways to do this is express your own goals and aligning it with the goals of the company. Tai lor your cover letter to the company so that it clicks with the hiring manager after reading it.Understand the Mission and VisionMake sure to conduct plenty of research on the company you are applying to. Read their mission and vision statements very carefully. There is a very good reason why organizations explicitly state them on their website or in their annual reports.Companies want people to get to know them and understand how they operate. Organizations lay out their plans to reach a goal and the steps they are taking to reach that destination.If you are able to express your own goals in your professional career in a manner that corresponds to the company’s, then the hiring manager will see that you are a good fit. Company culture is a very real and important thing that recruiters highly value.ExampleIn this example, we will look at how you can express your own goals in life to match that of the organization you are applying to. For instance, a company may have the following statements in their website that describes their core values.“Our purpose is to make sustainable living commonplace. We want to see a shift to renewable energy that will be beneficial to businesses, people, and our planet as a whole. We intend to improve the health of every single individual, by creating better monitoring systems for nutrition and hygiene. We plan to reduce our carbon footprint, making our environment cleaner. We are proud to be an equal opportunity employer, giving everybody from all social, economic, and ethnic groups an equal opportunity to achieve something amazing with us.”With all of this information, you can construct your own goals in your cover letter that align with this company’s vision and mission. Here is a sample response that you can write that matches the above statements.“I highly admire and respect your company wanting to create a world that relies entirely on renewable energy that is very environmental friendly. I care deeply about people and our planet and working at your firm, I will ensure that the health of people are put at the forefront. I want to pioneer new green sustainable energy concepts to make this company the number 1 renewable energy solutions provider. I particularly specialize in solar energy and wind energy, something your company is looking to expand. I enjoy working with people from all walks of life, because I have the opportunity to share ideas with others who also provide various perspectives. Diversity leads to creativity and innovation, and I highly value a working culture that promotes diversity.”This paragraph describes how you appreciate the company’s vision of sustainable energy growth and desire to ensure proper health of people everywhere. You expressed your intention of propelling this company to the market leader position as a sustainable energy solutions provider.You stated how you want to work with solar and wind energy, two divisions that the company wants to expand. Recruiters seeing this will now have more incentive to hire you since you will be an integral part of those departments. You like working in a team environment and value every person’s input and opinion. A hiring manager reading that will immediately understand that you are a good team player and easy to get along with.Get PersonalIf you are applying to a company where the CEO or founder has a published book, please take the time to read it and understand their perspective. Dive deep into their mind and comprehend how they think and work and how that translates into their business. Working can be a very rewarding experience, something that you can learn from businesspeople who are in a managerial role.They have many ideas to share and you can learn a thing or two from them. Many CEOs and founders do not have books but instead have blogs and write regularly. Read them and see what makes them tick. When you understand what motivates somebody to wake up every day, then you can embody those sam e characteristics and convey them in your letter.Hiring managers know the CEOs and founders of the company very well. When they see that you have read their books or read their posts regularly, it shows that you are interested to learn from the very best in the industry. It shows intent that you want to work for this person at their organization. There is almost nothing more exciting than that feeling.CONCLUSIONIn this article, we touched upon the reasons for writing an exciting cover letter that will appeal to recruiters and how to go about writing one. Many companies these days seem to rely on resumes more than cover letters, but there are still companies that want to read a cover letter. You need to be fully prepared to write a cover letter that is tailored to the position and the company.After doing plenty of research, you will understand what the company is looking for and what the recruiter expects to read. You will then be able to write a letter that excites them and makes th em think, “I like this person.”Always use the right keywords, provide a hook to get hiring managers interested, tell a story to convey passion and enthusiasm, exemplify your achievements and skills, and do not forget to align your goals with those of the company’s. When you are able to successfully cover all these bases, then you will definitely excite any hiring manager reading your letter. You need to tailor it to make it stand out and appealing.

Rome, Europe, the Dark Ages, and Islamic Empire - 1925 Words

Rome, Europe, the Dark Ages, and Islamic Empire (Essay Sample) Content: WriterProfessorCourseDateRome, Europe, the Dark Ages, and Islamic EmpireIntroductionThis paper analyzes the fall Europe into the dark ages (middle ages) after the collapse of the Roman Empire while the Islamic world entered into a golden age of learning and culture. In relation to the paper discusses the social, cultural, political and religious factors which accounted for the transformation of a largely Bedouin society into the center of the world learning while the collapse of the roman empire led to nearly a thousand years of backwardness among Europeans.AnalysisWestern medieval studies considered the beginning of the collapse of the Middle Ages the Western Roman Empire at the end of the 5th century (it is believed that the empire ceased to exist on September 4th 1476 , when Romulus Augustulus abdicated), but the "History of Humanity" was held abroad by the time the emergence of Islam. In recent years, medieval studies consider the end of the Middle Ages to the mi ddle or end of the 15 - beginning of 16 centuries. The most correct is to consider both the Middle Ages as a global process, and as a phenomenon that took in each country have its own characteristics and its own period. For example, if the Italian historians consider the beginning of a new time 14th century (Bryce 99à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬121). It is very difficult to organize in the framework of the European Middle Ages, for example, the history of Asian, African, pre-Columbian America. Differences in the history of the era and the impossibility of using the term Middle Ages to all nations of the world confirm its conditional nature (Woolf 44à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬58).The term "Middle Ages" was first introduced by the Italian humanist Flavio Biondo (1453). Until Biondo dominant term for the period since the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Renaissance was entered by Petrarch term "Dark Ages ", which in modern historiography is more narrow time interval (6th and 8th century). In 15 - 16 centuries , this period of history bore the following names: media tempestas (lat. the mean time, with 1469), media antiquities (Lat. average antiquity; with 1494), medium tempus (lat. the mean time, from 1531 g), saeculum medium (Bryce 99à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬121).Humanists intended to identify such a way the border between the era of antiquity, which inspired them, and their contemporary time. Since humanists primarily assessed the state of language, writing, literature and art, this "middle" period seemed to them the epitome of savagery of the ancient world, barbarism and "kitchen" in Latin. In the 17th century, the term "Middle Ages" was introduced into circulation Professor Gallic University Christopher Cellarius (Keller), giving rise to the so-called humanistic tracheotomy. He divided the history of the world to the ancient, medieval and modern times. Keller believed that the Middle Ages lasted from 395 a year (the final division of the Roman Empire into East and West) and up to 1453 (the fall of Constantinople) (Bryce 99à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬121).Starting from the second century, the power of the Roman Empire began to wane. Gradually fell into disrepair sea trade and urban development, population growth declined. Constant raids of the barbarians and political crisis weakened the empire. In 410, the Visigoths had taken Rome , and on September 4, 476 years the leader of the Germans Odoacer forced the last Western Roman emperor, 16-year-old Romulus Augustus to abdicate (Woolf 44à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬58). With the consent of Zeno Odoacer recognized emperor Romulus Augustus West predecessor Emperor Julius Nepos nicknamed 12-secular domination of Rome.Period of European history, which began soon after the collapse of the Roman Empire, lasted about five centuries (from about 500 to 1000 years). In the early middle Ages, there was a great migration of peoples: there were tribes of the Vikings, having the kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Italy and the Visigoths in Aquitaine and the Iberian Peninsula, formed the Frankish state, in its heyday occupies a large part of Europe. North Africa and Spain became part of the Arab Caliphate, the British Isles, there were many small states of the Angles, Saxons and the Celts, and there were states in Scandinavia as well as in Central and Eastern Europe: Great Moravia and the Old Russian state (Bryce 99à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬121).Great Migration is the code name together ethnic movements in Europe 4 - 7 centuries, mainly from the periphery of the Roman Empire on its territory. This process can be seen as part of global migration processes spanning seven or eight centuries. A characteristic feature of the relocation was the fact that the core of the Western Roman Empire (including especially Italy, Gaul (modern France), Spain and part of Dacia), which went ultimately mass of German immigrants to the beginning of the 5th century BC was already tight enough (Woolf 44à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬58). Therefore, the great migration of peoples was accompanied by cultural, linguistic , and then the religious conflicts between the German and the Romanized population. Great resettlement laid the foundation of confrontation between the Germanic and Romance nations, in a sense, has come down to the present day. In resettlement actively participated Slavic peoples, Turks, Iranians ( Alans ) and Finno-Ugric tribes. The name "Byzantine Empire" (the city of Byzantium on the site where the Roman Emperor Constantine I the Great at the beginning of the 4th century laid Constantinople) state received in the writings of Western historians after his fall. Sami Byzantines called themselves Romans - in Greek "Romeo" and its power of Roman.The capital of the Byzantine Empire , Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Turks , led by Sultan Mohd II in Tuesday , 29 May 1453 , the meant the destruction of the Eastern Roman Empire , the last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI Dragas fell in battle. The victory ensured the dominance of the Turks in the basin of the Eastern Mediterra nean. The city remained the capital of the Ottoman Empire until its collapse in 1922. Although Constantine XI tried to win over all Christians, including Catholics , and strongly defended the union, considering it necessary for the state, he was unable to overcome the opposition sentiment in the country, especially among the middle and junior clergy (Bryce 99à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬121).In 16 to 17 centuries, the Ottoman Empire reached its peak of influence during the reign of Suleiman the great, the government used the social and political system in which religious and ethnic minorities were completely independent from the central government. This religious tolerance has led to a small resistance at the time of capture by the Turks new territories (Bryce 99à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬121). Osman I support all those who have contributed to the achievement of its objectives.After the death of Osman I the power of the Ottoman Empire began to spread over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans Fall Bursa meant the loss of control of Byzantium on the North-Western Anatolia. In 1352 the Ottomans crossed the Dardanelles , for the first time alone set foot on European ground, capturing the strategically important fortress CSMP (Marks 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬20). Christian states have missed a key point to unite, beat the Turks from Europe, and within a few decades, taking advantage of strife in Byzantium, fragmentation Bulgarian Empire , the Ottomans strengthen and master, conquered most of Thrace (Marks 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬20). In 1387 , after the siege, the Turks captured the largest, after Constantinople , the city of the empire, Thessaloniki (Marks 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬20). Ottoman victory in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 , in fact, put an end to the Serbian authorities in the region and has become a breeding ground for the further implementation of the Ottoman expansion into Europe. Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 is considered the last major crusade of the Middle Ages who were not able to stop the endless offensive Euro pe hordes of Ottoman Turks. With the expansion of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans, the most important task was the capture of Constantinople by the Turks. The Ottoman Empire for hundreds of kilometers controlled all the land of the former Byzantine surrounding the city. Voltage Byzantines temporarily removed from the depths of the invasion of Asia, another Central Asian ruler Timur in Anatolia, and his victory in the Battle of Ankara in 1402 (Marks 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬20). He captured the sultan himself Bayezid I (Bryce 99à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬121) (Marks 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬20). The capture of the Turkish sultan led to the collapse of the Ottoman army. In the Ottoman Empire began the interregnum , which lasted from 1402 to 1413 (Marks 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬20). Again opportune moment, which gave a chance to strengthen their forces, was lost and wasted in the civil wars and unrest among themselves Christian powers - the Byzantine Empire , the Bulgarian Kingdom and break the Serbian kingdom (Marks 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬20) . Interregnum ended accession of Sultan Mohd I (Pape 21à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬34).Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans was lost after 1402 (Thessaloniki, Macedonia , Kosovo , and so on. d.), but once again captured by Murad II in 1430-1450, respectively. November 10, 1444, Murad II, using the numerical superiority, united defeated Hungarian, Polish and Wallachian troops Vladislav III and John Hunyadi in the Battle of Varna (Pape 21à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬34). Four years later, during the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448 , Murad II defeated the Serbian-Hungarian-Wallachian troops Janos HunyadiOttoman government pursued a strategy for the development of Bursa , Adrianople and Constantinople as major commercial and industrial centers, at different times, is the capital of the state (Pape 21à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬34). Therefore, Mohd II and his successor Bayezid II encouraged the migration of Jewish artisans and Jewish merchants in Istanbul and other major ports. H...

Deadlines for implementation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2808 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Question 1 (a) This question concerns the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to implement Directive 2006/2001 by the deadline for implementation, which was 31 July 2008. The Directive would have limited the amount of chemical ABC in local groundwater. (i) Local residents have complained of a bad small and seek redress. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Deadlines for implementation" essay for you Create order (ii) Local gardeners have become ill due to high levels of chemical ABC and also seek redress. This question raises the issue of whether a Member State can be held liable for failure to implement a Directive on time. The case of Ven Gend en Loos[1] established that Community law takes supremacy over national law. This was repeated in Costa v ENEL.[2] Therefore, the terms of the Directive cannot à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“be overridden by domestic legislation, however framed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3] Article 249 EC states that Directives are, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“binding as to the result to be achieved, upon each Member State.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Therefore, in Van Duyn, the ECJ held that Directives could have direct effect and could be relied upon directly by individuals in litigation.[4] In Ratti the ECJ held that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a Member State which has not adopted the implementing measures required by the directive in the prescribed periods may not rely, as against individuals, on its own failure to per form the obligations which the Directive entails.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5] The reasoning here is quite simple. The ECJ first found that Directives took precedence over national law. It then held that they were binding on Member States and could have Direct Effect. The effect of this is that the residents will be able to hold the terms of the Directive against the Government, who failed to implement it on time.[6] However, they will not be able to hold the terms of the Directive against Fattenem. This is because Fattenem has simply been operating as best it could under the UK law of the time. This is because of the reasoning applied by the ECJ in Marshall, where it stated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the binding nature of a Directive exists onlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  against Member States. The Directive was addressed to the UK Government, not to Fattenem, and therefore creates no legal obligations on Fattenem. However, according to Von Colson[7] UK courts would look at the case, and at national law, in l ight of the Directive. This is known as the indirect effect of Directives.[8] If national law could be interpreted in a manner that would cause it to comply with the Directives, using the accepted methods of statutory interpretation available to UK courts, then the courts are under an obligation to give the national legislation such an interpretation. However, it is suggested here that the residents and gardeners are far more likely to be successful using the Directive directly against the Government rather than seeking to use it indirectly against Fattenem. Relying on the Directive against the Government, the residents and gardeners will be able to seek financial compensation from the Government. In Francovich[9] the ECJ held that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the full effectiveness of Community rulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  requires that litigants be able to seek compensation from a Member State in situations where they have suffered a loss as a result of a failure to implement a Directive.[10] Wh en seeking compensation from the Government however, it may well be the case that the gardeners and the other residents are not in exactly the same boat. As we have seen, the gardeners have suffered illness due to the Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to implement the Directive, whereas the other residents have only been subjected to a bad smell. As the ECJ stated in Francovich, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the result prescribed by the directive should entail the grant of rights to individualsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[and] it should be possible to identify the content of those rights.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  After such rights have been identified, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the existence of a causal link between the breach of the Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s obligations and the harm suffered by the injured partiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  must be established. The harm suffered by the gardeners is clear and quantifiable. It would also be fairly easy to establish that the Directive was intended to grant a right to the protection of heal th from the chemicals concerned. However, a right not to smell the chemicals might be more difficult to establish. It also is not certain that compliance with the Directive would have removed the smell of the chemicals, or merely removed their ability to endanger health. Therefore, in conclusion, I would advise that the gardeners stand a good chance of seeking compensation from the UK Government for its failure to implement the relevant Directive, based on the direct effect of the Directive. I would not advise them to seek compensation from Fattenem based on the indirect effect of the Directive. Furthermore, I would warn the wider residents, who did not become ill from the chemical, that they would find it difficult to establish a right not to smell chemicals, in the Directive, and furthermore, they might find it difficult to establish a causal link between the smell and the Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to implement the Directive. Question 1 (b) The second part of the question relates to a Directive that the UK Government has implemented but has implemented inadequately. This is because, while the Directive calls for compulsory controls on chemical XYZ, the Government has established voluntary controls. The residents and gardeners are now saying that this voluntary regime has caused them to suffer from poisoning from XYZ. The situation here is very similar to that described above. As Article 249 EC states, Directives are binding à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“as to the result to be achieved.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Directives do not prescribe actions or methods of regulation to Member States, they only prescribe results. Article 249 goes on to state that Directives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It is not therefore by taking measures that a Member State complies with a Directive, it is by achieving results. We have seen in this case study however, that Directive 2002/2006 does specify that a com pulsory testing regime must be put into place by each Member State by the deadline for implementation. The UK has not done this. Therefore, just as in the scenario above, it has failed to properly implement the Directive. The residents and gardeners will be able to bring an action against the UK Government for its failure to implement the Directive completely. In this case it will be even more important that the issue of causation is looked at properly. It will be necessary to show that Fattenem is in fact abusing the voluntary regime and that it would have acted differently had the Government adopted the compulsory testing regime. This type of investigation would for example, take into account the effectiveness of a compulsory testing regime and it might well be the case that under the compulsory testing, it would still take time for Fattenem and similar operators to reduce their output of XYZ. It will also be necessary for the residents and gardeners to show that the ill effects t hey are suffering are in fact due to chemical XYZ and are not due to chemical ABC or some other cause. The other area where it will be difficult to hold the Government to account is the statement from the Francovich case[11] in which the Court held that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the result prescribed by the directive should entail the grant of rights to individuals,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and furthermore, that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“it should be possible to identify the content of those rights.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The question is sure to arise of whether or not a the establishment of a compulsory testing regime for chemicals is designed to grant rights on individuals. It appears as if individuals have nothing to do with such an arrangement and are merely an indirect beneficiary of the result of such compulsory testing. It is questionable in this case therefore, whether Directive 2002/2006 creates legally enforceable rights which the residents and gardeners of the town will be able to enforce. However, thei r position is still quite strong since they are clearly being affected by the failure of the company to monitor its output of XYZ. Arguments similar to those put forward below in relation to standing and individual concern would be put forward and the discussion below will be of use in this respect. Question 2 This question relates to the ability of the UK Government to challenge a Community act under Article 230 EC. It also concerns the ability of the Sheep Farmerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Association (SFA) to challenge a Community act on the ground that they are individually effected by the act. Article 230 allows the ECJ to rule on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“legality of acts adoptedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by the European Community which are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“intended to have legal effectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The Court can strike down any law that it believes does not comply with the requirements of the Treaties. Under Article 230(2) EC, the UK is a privileged applicant and can therefore challenge any act of the EU Institutions. Decisions are specifically permitted to be challenged. The grounds on which the Court might annul the decision above, as set out in Article 230 are that the Community lacked competence to legislate, that the Community breached an essential procedural requirement when making the decision, or that the decision breached the fundamental principles of community law or was an abuse of power. The ground on which the UK Government will be challenging this Decision is on procedural grounds. The Community adopted a procedure that required Qualified Majority Voting (QMV). However, the UK is of the belief that the correct procedure would have required unanimity. The Court would look at this claim from the UK and decide if the Community made the Decision based on the correct Treaty provisions and used the correct legislative procedure. The SFA is not a privileged applicant under Article 230(2). However, it may still bring an action under Article 230(4) if it c an show that the Decision à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“is of direct and individual concernà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to them. The cases of Plaumann[12] and Cordorniu[13] set a very difficult test for individual applicants, such as SFA, to show that they have been directly and individually concerned by a Decision. Plaumann was similar to the present situation in that the Decision was addressed to Germany, but a sole operator tried to challenge it. The Court held that to show individual concern the operator had to show that the Decision, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“affects them by reason of certain attributes which are peculiar to them or by reason of circumstances in which they are differentiated from all other persons and by virtue of these factors distinguishes them individuallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[14] This is notoriously difficult to show because the applicant will be blocked from making a challenge if others are put in the same position as they are. In Plaumann, the court ruled that anyone could start ex porting clementines from Germany and would be affected in the same way as the applicant. This was the case whether or not there actually were other clementine exporters. The cases which have successfully shown individual concern are very specific to their facts and do not create general situations in which applicants will be successful. For example, in Toepfer[15] the applicant was successful because the decision related only to operators who applied for licenses on a particular day and Toepfer was the only one. No one could join this group as the day had passed. Similarly, in Bock[16] the Court ruled that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A decision is of individual concern to a person when the factual situation created by the decision differentiates him from all other persons and distinguishes him individually just as in the case of the person addressed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The full difficulty is shown by Spijker Kwasten,[17] where it was shown that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a decision addressed to certain Me mber Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is not of individual concern to the only importer of the products in question established in the member states to which the decision is addressed since it concerns the importer merely by virtue of his objective status as an importer in the same manner as any other trader who is, or might be in the future, in the same situation.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The applicant in Codorniu was successful in his challenge because even though many operators in the relevant field could be caught be the provision, he was set out from the crowd because he had a registered trade mark that was affected. However, while this case was hoped to mark a new approach by the ECJ in the field of individual concern, subsequent case law has shown that the Plaumann test is still being used to block challenges to decisions which might potentially have more than one person affected.[18] There has been a lot of scholarly criticism of this state of affairs and many have even argued that the Cou rtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach to individual concern is arbitrary and unjust.[19] However, in the absence of legislative action to change the law, it appears as if the Court is unwilling to step in here and make it simpler for applicants who have not been addressed by a decision to challenge that decision. This was concerned in the case of Greenpeace,[20] which came after Codorniu and showed that there had been no significant change in the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position. One problem that has been identified with the strictness of Article 230(4) is that the Treaties supposedly establish à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a complete system of legal remedies and procedures designed to permit the Court of Justice to review the legality of measures adopted by the institutions,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach to Article 230(4) goes against this goal.[21] To conclude therefore, the UK Government will be able to challenge the Decision on the ground that, firstly, they are the addressee of the Decision, and secondly, that they are a privileged applicant under Article 230. However, the SFA will find it very difficult to challenge the decision on the basis of the test for individual concern. The Decision has not been addressed to them. While they represent a few thousand sheep farmers, there are over 250,000 in the UK and the vast majority are not members of SFA. Also, not only sheep farmers but all livestock farmers will be equally affected by the Decision. Therefore, there is no way for the SFA to differentiate their position from that of all the other livestock farmers in the UK and therefore, they will not be able to show that they have been individually concerned by the Decision and will accordingly not be granted locus standi before the ECJ. Bibliography Biernat, E., The Locus Standi of Private Applicants under article 230(4) EC and the Principle of Judicial Protection in the European Community, Jean Monnet Working Paper 12/03, New York, 2003 Chalmers, P., Hadjiemmanuil, C., Monti, G., Tomkins, A., European Union Law, Text and Materials, (2006) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Craig, P. De Burca, G., EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials, 3rd ed., (2002) Oxford: Oxford University Press Liisberg, J., Does the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights Threaten the Supremacy of Community Law? (2001) 38 CMLRev. 1171 Mancini Keeling, Democracy and the European Court of Justice, 57 (1994) MLR 175 Rasmussen, H., Why is article 173 interpreted against private plaintiffs? (1980) 5 ELRev 462 Usher, J., Direct and Individual Concern à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" an effective remedy o a conventional solution, (2003) 23 ELRev 342 Case 26/62, N.V. Algemene Transporten Expeditie Onderneming van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen [1965] ECR 1 Case 41/74, Van Duyn v. Home Office [1974] ECR 1337 Case 148/78, Pubblico Ministero v. Tullio Ratti [1979] ECR 1629 Case 14/83, Von Colson and Kamann v. Land Nor drhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891 Case 25/62 Plaumann v. Commission [1963] ECR 95 Case C-309/89 Codorniu SA v. Commission, [1994] ECR I-1853 Cases 106-107/63 Toepfer v. Commission [1965] ECR 405 Case 62/70 Bock v. Commission [1971] ECR 897 Case 231/82 Spijker Kwasten v. Commission [1983] ECR 2559 Case T-585/93 Stichting Greenpeace Council (Greenpeace International) v. Commission, [1995] ECR II-220537 Case 6/64, Flaminio Costa v. ENEL [1964] ECR 585 Case C-6 9/90, Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy [1991] ECR I-5357 Footnotes [1] Case 26/62, N.V. Algemene Transporten Expeditie Onderneming van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen [1965] ECR 1 [2] Case 6/64, Flaminio Costa v. ENEL [1964] ECR 585 [3] ibid. p. 593 [4] Case 41/74, Van Duyn v. Home Office [1974] ECR 1337 [5] Case 148/78, Pubblico Ministero v. Tullio Ratti [1979] ECR 1629 [6] Craig, P. De Burca, G., EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials, 3rd ed., (2002) Oxford: Oxford University Press [7] Case 14/83, Von Colson and Kamann v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891 [8] Liisberg, J., Does the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights Threaten the Supremacy of Community Law? (2001) 38 CMLRev. 1171 [9] Case C-6 9/90, Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy [1991] ECR I-5357 [10] Chalmers, P., Hadjiemmanuil, C., Monti, G., Tomkins, A., European Union Law, Text and Materials, (2006) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [11] supra. note 9 [12] Case 25/62 Plaumann v. Commission [1963] ECR 95 [13] Case C-309/89 Codorniu SA v. Commission, [1994] ECR I-1853 [14] supra. note 12, para. 107 [15] Cases 106-107/63 Toepfer v. Commission [1965] ECR 405 [16] Case 62/70 Bock v. Commission [1971] ECR 897 [17] Case 231/82 Spijker Kwasten v. Commission [1983] ECR 2559 [18] Mancini Keeling, Democracy and the European Court of Justice, 57 (1994) MLR 175 [19] Usher, J., Direct and Individual Concern à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" an effective remedy o a conventional solution, (2003) 23 ELRev 342; Rasmussen, H., Why is article 173 interpreted against private plaintiffs? (1980) 5 ELRev 462 [20] Case T-585/93 Stichting Greenpeace Council (Greenpeace International) v. Commission, [1995] ECR II-220537 [21] Biernat, E., The Locus Standi of Private Applicants under article 230(4) EC and the Principle of Judicial Protection in the European Community, Jean Monnet Working Paper 12/03, New York, 2003